U.S. 2010 CENSUS: THE 10 MOST SEGREGATED CITIES IN AMERICA

Do you live in a one of the 10 most racially segregated cities in the United States, and if so, how do you feel about finding your city on the list?

Results from the 2010 census are in and they reveal how little  in residential, economic, and social advancement for Black Americans has occurred in the last 43 years since the enaction of the Fair Housing Act.

 

The findings on residential racial patterns show that the U.S. remains overwhelmingly segregated.

 

To understand how and why some metro areas and neighborhoods are the way they are, we need to understand the 5 Dimensions of Segregation:  evenness (index of dissimilarity), concentration (delta index), exposure (isolation index), centralization (absolute centralization index) and clustering (spatial proximity). Each of these five measures a different type of segregation, where some metro areas do well on one or two aspects, some metro areas do bad on three or more, and some metro areas due poorly on all five dimensions. Looking at segregation in just one aspect, such as schools, would give a limited view and understanding. Now, add in neighborhoods, then a more wider picture can occur:  more diversity in the neighborhood, more diversity in the schools, more diversity in the churches/houses of worship, more diversity in the neighborhood park and neighborhood amenities, etc.

 

Using a measurement called the Index of Dissimilarity you can quantify segregation in many of the cities on the list. Based on a scale of 1-100 — from perfect integration to complete separation — the index compares neighborhoods by race. Those cities with the highest levels of segregation, hover around a score of 80, meaning 80 percent of an individual race would have to move so that each neighborhood reflects the racial composition of the city as a whole. As of the U.S. 2010 Census, the nationwide Index of Dissimilarity between blacks and whites is 62.7 percent.

 

But, the biggest need for racial diversity is stable economic and racial diversity. Nothing can destroy a community more than white flight, lowering of tax bases, the destruction of blue collar/entry level jobs that help people up, closing of jobs/plants/factories in that community, as well as no new companies built to bring living wage employment into the community. The quality of life has to be acknowledged as well as the need for racial diversity.

 

Due to the history of restrictive covenants, zoning ordinances, white flight, realtors who worked hand-in-hand with the federal government in redlining and loan denials, and housing discrimination and job losses in inner cities, many American citizens still live racially segregated lives in the United States.

 

People living in the Mid West are more likely than any other regional group in the U.S. to live in racially divided cities. Six cities with populations of at least 500,000,  are on the list of America’s most segregated city list, as compiled by CensusScope.org and the University of Michigan’s Social Science Data Analysis Network.

 

 Below is the top 10 most segregated cities for Black Americans:

 

10. Los Angeles

9. Philadelphia

8. Cincinnati

7. St. Louis

6. Buffalo, N.Y.

5. Cleveland

4. Detroit

3. Chicago

2. New York

1. Milwaukee

 

Let’s concentrate on why Milwaukee was named the most segregated city of all.

 

Milwaukee stands out for having “the lowest rate of African-American suburbanization of any of these larger cities,” Professor Marc Levine of the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, told Salon.com. Compared to other cities across America, where Black Americans in much of the nation live in both suburbs and urban centers, a whopping 90 percent of black Milwaukeeans live in the city. The opposition of suburban Whites against affordable housing ( i.e., apartments, townhomes and homes under $100,000) on the city’s outskirts, as well as lack of reliable and dependable public transportation that would connect the city to the suburbs, causes extreme fear in many Whites that Blacks will live not only closer to them, but, that Blacks will be one step away from living in the same neighborhoods with Whites. In addition to racial diveristy of various racial and ethnic groups living in the same metro area/neighborhood, there must also be an economic-class diversity in metro areas and neighborhoods:  some upper class, some middle class, and some lower class residents living in that area; some white-collar professional, some skilled, and some semi-skilled workers. It is not enough to move people/races around; the interaction and social mobility of people’s lives must be taken into consideration as well.

 

Not all of the cities on the list were considered segregated because of where blacks live in relation to whites. In New York and Los Angeles–the United States’ two largest cities–Latinos live in highly segregated neighborhoods as well, according to the report. In Detroit and Chicago, two extremely racially divided cities, the Latino population is rising. In Chicago’s North side neighborhood of Rogers Park, there is a diverse mix of Blacks, Latinos, Asians, and Whites.

 

How will the census look ten years from now on the racial makeup of urban areas and suburbs? Twenty years from now? Fifty years from now?

 

From the looks of things, not good. Too many people still think that the legacy of racist housing policies, and the continued fear of the “black threat” are things that cannot be challenged and rectified.

 

The negation of blackness is deeply ingrained into the psyches of many people, as the following excerpt details. Residential segregation in housing is not the only thing many Blacks have to overcome. Economic discrimination is still a factor in the lives of Black Americans as the following study on economic discrimination in Milwaukee shows.

The study offers this fictional scenario:

“A young, white, male high school graduate with a felony conviction applies in person for entry level jobs as a driver, a dishwasher, a laborer, warehouse worker and production worker that are advertised in the newspaper and admits to employers that he served 18 months in prison for possession of cocaine with intent to sell.

A young black man with similar education, work history and style of presentation, but with no criminal record, applies for the same jobs.

Who do you think is more likely to be called back?

If you picked the white man with the felony conviction, you guessed right.

This study offers evidence that discrimination remains a major factor in the economic lives of black men, and highlights the fear and misunderstanding of black males that permeate the local job market.

Devah Pager, a sociologist at Northwestern University in Evanston, Ill., sent equally matched pairs of testers – two black and two white – to apply for low-skilled jobs at 350 places of employment in the Milwaukee area and found that white ex-offenders were more likely to be called back for an interview than black applicants who had no criminal record.

Students test employers

In this detailed study, bright, articulate, college students posed as job applicants. Even though the results were strikingly close, black men without criminal records were called back only 14% of the time, while whites with criminal records were called back 17% of the time.

The study, titled “The Mark of a Criminal Record,” was conducted in Milwaukee between June and December 2001, and the results were released last month.

“It shows there’s a great deal of work that has to be done in the education of employers and working on attitudes,” says Julia Taylor, president of the Greater Milwaukee Committee. “This type of racial disparity in employment practices really impacts us as a region. It impacts our work force, and it really impacts how the inner-city moves forward.”

Pager chose Milwaukee for her experiment because it is representative of most large metropolitan areas in its size, racial demographics and industrial base, she says.

The study’s findings would surprise few African-Americans in this city, who know from experience that this kind of discrimination exists in the job market. Research shows that white Americans, however, have been led to think that direct, racial discrimination of this nature has become less of a problem in our society.”

SOURCE

For Black women, the future is even more dire, as the following article explains the gains that Black women made in the 1960s, 1970s, and early 1980s, have been eroded:

Despite a history of strong labor-force attachment and despite gains in educational attainment and occupational status, black women earn less than black men, white women, and white men. In 2005, for the same hours worked, we earned 85 cents for every dollar earned by a white woman, 87 cents for every dollar earned by a black man, and 63 cents for every dollar earned by a white man. In 2006, over 13 percent of black women workers were poor, compared with 5 percent of white women, 7.7 percent of black men, and 4.4 percent of white men. Our unemployment rate is nearly double that of white women and white men.

These statistics are especially depressing because slightly more than three decades ago, black women earned 96 cents for every dollar earned by a white woman. Between 1975 and 2000, the median earnings of white women grew by 32 percent while the median earnings of black women grew by only 22 percent. This recent experience contrasts sharply with the gains realized in the 1960s and 1970s when the income growth among black women outpaced that of other groups thanks to the improvements in black women’s educational attainment and the elimination of the most blatant discriminatory barriers to employment and occupational mobility.

***What interrupted this upward trajectory? Technological change and global competition increased the premium paid for skilled workers in the United States over the 1980s and 1990s and, although the proportion of black women with college degrees increased, a racial gap in educational attainment persists. In 2007, 19 percent of black women 25 and older had college diplomas compared with over 30 percent of white, non-Hispanic women.

Another factor contributing to a decrease in the black-white earnings ratio for women was the growth in labor-force participation of white women. This growth in white women’s labor-force participation coupled with a weakening labor-force attachment of young black women and black single mothers eroded black women’s work experience advantage. In 1972, the labor-force participation rate of white women was 42.7 percent, and for black women, 51.2 percent. By 2000, the black-white difference in labor-force participation rates had nearly evaporated: 60 percent of white women were in the labor force compared with 65 percent of black women. Among younger women, those aged 16 to 24, and among older women, those 45 and older, labor-force participation rates of white women exceeded those of black women in 2006.

Finally, equal employment opportunity (EEO) legislation and its enforcement contributed to the gains of the 1960s and 1970s, while the more recent retrenchment of those policies affected today’s wider gaps. In the 1960s, EEO allowed black women with high school diplomas to leave domestic service for higher-paying jobs as secretaries, typists, and stenographers. College-educated women moved into managerial jobs, particularly in the public sector. Retrenchment in the 1980s helps explain the lack of upward mobility for black women in clerical work and their continued exclusion from high-paying, managerial positions in the private sector.

SOURCE

The following Salon.com article by Daniel Denvir lists the 10 most segregated cities in America.

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THE 10 MOST SEGREGATED URBAN AREAS IN AMERICA

 

Decades after the end of Jim Crow, and three years after the election of America’s first black president, the United States remains a profoundly segregated country.

 

That reality has been reinforced by the release of Census Bureau data last week that shows black and white Americans still tend to live in their own neighborhoods, often far apart from each other. Segregation itself, the decennial census report indicates, is only decreasing slowly, although the dividing lines are shifting as middle-income blacks, Latinos and Asians move to once all-white suburbs — whereupon whites often move away, turning older suburbs into new, if less distressed, ghettos.

 

We may think of segregation as a matter of ancient Southern history: lunch counter sit-ins, bus boycotts and Ku Klux Klan terrorism. But as the census numbers remind us, Northern cities have long had higher rates of segregation than in the South, where strict Jim Crow laws kept blacks closer to whites, but separate from them. Where you live has a big impact on the education you receive, the safety on your streets, and the social networks you can leverage.

 

The following is a list of the nation’s most segregated metropolitan areas of over 500,000 people. The rankings are based on a dissimilarity index, a measure used by social scientists to gauge residential segregation. It reflects the number of people from one race — in this case black or white — who would have to move for races to be evenly distributed across a certain area. A score of 1 indicates perfect integration while 100 signals complete segregation. The rankings were compiled by John Paul DeWitt of CensusScope.org and the University of Michigan’s Social Science Data Analysis Network.

 

View the slide show

• Daniel Denvir is a journalist in Philadelphia and a contributing writer for Salon. You can follow him at Twitter @DanielDenvir. More: Daniel Denvir

SOURCE

 

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The following is the list of other major metropolitan areas that made the list:

 

 

Source: William H. Frey analysis of 1990, 2000, and 2010 Censuses
Largest Metros (Total Population of 500,000 or more): Black White Segregation Indices sorted by 2010 Segregation
	Black-White						2010
Name	1990	2000	2010	Change 1990-2000	Change 1990-2010	Change 2000-2010	Total Population	Share NH Black
Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI	82.8	83.3	81.5	0.6	-1.2	-1.8	1,555,908	16.4%
New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA	80.9	80.2	78.0	-0.7	-2.9	-2.2	18,897,109	16.1%
Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI	84.4	81.2	76.4	-3.2	-8.0	-4.8	9,461,105	17.1%
Detroit-Warren-Livonia, MI	87.6	85.7	75.3	-1.9	-12.3	-10.4	4,296,250	22.6%
Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH	82.8	78.2	74.1	-4.7	-8.7	-4.0	2,077,240	19.7%
Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY	80.1	78.0	73.2	-2.1	-6.9	-4.8	1,135,509	11.8%
St. Louis, MO-IL	77.2	74.1	72.3	-3.1	-4.9	-1.8	2,812,896	18.3%
Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN	75.9	73.7	69.4	-2.2	-6.5	-4.3	2,130,151	11.9%
Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD	75.2	71.0	68.4	-4.2	-6.8	-2.6	5,965,343	20.2%
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA	72.7	70.0	67.8	-2.8	-4.9	-2.1	12,828,837	6.7%
Syracuse, NY	73.0	71.4	67.8	-1.6	-5.2	-3.6	662,577	7.7%
Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk, CT	69.2	69.6	67.5	0.4	-1.6	-2.1	916,829	10.1%
Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA	74.7	72.7	67.5	-2.1	-7.2	-5.2	565,773	10.6%
Dayton, OH	76.6	73.0	66.4	-3.6	-10.2	-6.6	841,502	14.8%
Indianapolis-Carmel, IN	74.4	72.1	66.4	-2.4	-8.0	-5.7	1,756,241	14.8%
Birmingham-Hoover, AL	70.3	69.1	65.8	-1.2	-4.5	-3.3	1,128,047	28.1%
Pittsburgh, PA	70.8	68.9	65.8	-1.9	-5.1	-3.2	2,356,285	8.3%
Harrisburg-Carlisle, PA	74.3	71.1	65.7	-3.2	-8.6	-5.4	549,475	9.8%
Baltimore-Towson, MD	71.4	68.2	65.4	-3.2	-5.9	-2.8	2,710,489	28.4%
Toledo, OH	74.4	71.2	65.3	-3.3	-9.1	-5.8	651,429	13.2%
Rochester, NY	67.4	67.9	65.3	0.5	-2.0	-2.5	1,054,323	11.0%
Springfield, MA	68.5	67.2	65.3	-1.4	-3.3	-1.9	692,942	5.8%
Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach, FL	71.4	69.2	64.8	-2.3	-6.6	-4.3	5,564,635	19.7%
Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT	69.3	66.4	64.8	-2.8	-4.5	-1.7	1,212,381	10.1%
Chattanooga, TN-GA	72.3	69.3	64.6	-3.0	-7.7	-4.8	528,143	13.8%
Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI	72.7	66.7	64.3	-6.0	-8.4	-2.4	774,160	7.8%
Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH	68.5	67.6	64.0	-0.9	-4.5	-3.5	4,552,402	6.6%
New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA	68.3	69.2	63.9	0.9	-4.4	-5.3	1,167,764	33.6%
New Haven-Milford, CT	68.1	66.7	63.7	-1.3	-4.3	-3.0	862,477	11.8%
Memphis, TN-MS-AR	65.5	65.8	62.6	0.4	-2.8	-3.2	1,316,100	45.5%
Denver-Aurora, CO	64.8	64.2	62.6	-0.5	-2.2	-1.6	2,487,593	5.4%
Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV	65.5	63.8	62.3	-1.7	-3.2	-1.5	5,582,170	25.2%
Columbus, OH	67.6	63.4	62.2	-4.2	-5.5	-1.2	1,836,536	14.7%
San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA	67.0	65.7	62.0	-1.3	-5.0	-3.7	4,335,391	8.1%
Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL	76.8	69.4	61.6	-7.5	-15.3	-7.8	618,754	7.7%
Houston-Sugar Land-Baytown, TX	65.5	65.7	61.4	0.1	-4.1	-4.2	5,946,800	16.8%
Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY	61.6	62.4	61.3	0.8	-0.2	-1.0	870,716	7.2%
Omaha-Council Bluffs, NE-IA	71.4	67.3	61.3	-4.1	-10.1	-6.0	865,350	7.7%
Kansas City, MO-KS	72.9	70.9	61.2	-2.0	-11.7	-9.7	2,035,334	12.3%
Akron, OH	69.0	66.0	59.7	-2.9	-9.2	-6.3	703,200	11.9%
Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA	66.3	64.3	59.0	-2.0	-7.2	-5.3	5,268,860	31.9%
Little Rock-North Little Rock-Conway, AR	61.1	61.3	58.8	0.3	-2.3	-2.5	699,757	22.1%
Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN	68.7	63.8	58.1	-4.9	-10.6	-5.7	1,283,566	13.5%
Wichita, KS	64.2	60.5	58.0	-3.7	-6.2	-2.5	623,061	7.5%
Baton Rouge, LA	59.6	60.2	57.5	0.7	-2.1	-2.7	802,484	35.5%
Sacramento–Arden-Arcade–Roseville, CA	55.7	57.9	56.9	2.2	1.2	-1.0	2,149,127	7.0%
Tulsa, OK	61.4	58.3	56.6	-3.1	-4.8	-1.7	937,478	8.3%
Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX	62.8	59.8	56.6	-3.1	-6.2	-3.2	6,371,773	14.8%
Nashville-Davidson–Murfreesboro–Franklin, TN	60.7	58.1	56.2	-2.6	-4.4	-1.9	1,589,934	15.1%
Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL	69.7	64.6	56.2	-5.1	-13.5	-8.3	2,783,243	11.2%
Jackson, MS	62.4	57.5	56.0	-5.0	-6.5	-1.5	539,057	47.5%
Bradenton-Sarasota-Venice, FL	74.6	67.4	55.2	-7.1	-19.4	-12.3	702,281	6.3%
Greensboro-High Point, NC	54.3	53.8	54.7	-0.5	0.4	0.9	723,801	25.2%
Knoxville, TN	60.8	57.2	54.1	-3.6	-6.7	-3.1	698,030	6.3%
Lancaster, PA	62.9	60.4	54.0	-2.5	-8.9	-6.3	519,445	3.1%
Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC	54.7	54.2	53.8	-0.5	-0.8	-0.4	1,758,038	23.6%
Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA	60.5	57.2	53.5	-3.2	-7.0	-3.8	1,600,852	4.2%
Scranton–Wilkes-Barre, PA	65.4	59.7	53.2	-5.7	-12.3	-6.5	563,631	2.6%
Jacksonville, FL	57.5	53.9	53.1	-3.6	-4.4	-0.8	1,345,596	21.3%
Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI	62.3	60.1	52.9	-2.3	-9.4	-7.2	3,279,833	7.3%
Worcester, MA	51.4	52.6	52.6	1.2	1.2	0.0	798,552	3.6%
Bakersfield, CA	55.8	52.0	52.6	-3.8	-3.2	0.6	839,631	5.4%
Richmond, VA	55.7	53.6	52.4	-2.0	-3.2	-1.2	1,258,251	29.5%
Portland-South Portland-Biddeford, ME	41.6	42.6	52.2	1.0	10.6	9.6	514,098	1.5%
Fresno, CA	52.5	53.1	51.7	0.6	-0.8	-1.4	930,450	4.8%
Des Moines-West Des Moines, IA	65.2	58.6	51.6	-6.7	-13.7	-7.0	569,633	4.7%
Oklahoma City, OK	60.2	55.3	51.4	-4.8	-8.8	-4.0	1,252,987	10.2%
San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA	58.1	55.5	51.2	-2.6	-6.9	-4.3	3,095,313	4.7%
Orlando-Kissimmee, FL	59.1	55.9	50.7	-3.2	-8.4	-5.2	2,134,411	15.0%
Austin-Round Rock, TX	54.1	52.1	50.1	-1.9	-4.0	-2.1	1,716,289	7.0%
Madison, WI	52.1	49.9	49.6	-2.2	-2.6	-0.3	568,593	4.5%
Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA	56.5	52.4	49.1	-4.1	-7.4	-3.3	3,439,809	5.4%
San Antonio, TX	56.1	52.8	49.0	-3.3	-7.1	-3.8	2,142,508	6.1%
Columbia, SC	50.4	48.1	48.8	-2.3	-1.6	0.7	767,598	32.9%
Durham, NC	45.7	46.7	48.1	1.1	2.4	1.3	504,357	26.7%
Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC	48.8	46.5	47.8	-2.2	-1.0	1.2	1,671,683	30.6%
Poughkeepsie-Newburgh-Middletown, NY	54.8	52.7	47.7	-2.1	-7.1	-5.0	670,301	9.1%
Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA-NJ	53.6	51.7	47.2	-1.9	-6.4	-4.5	821,173	4.3%
Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville, FL	52.6	48.9	47.2	-3.7	-5.4	-1.8	543,376	9.7%
Stockton, CA	59.9	55.1	46.9	-4.8	-13.0	-8.2	685,306	7.1%
Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, OR-WA	63.2	51.8	46.0	-11.4	-17.2	-5.9	2,226,009	2.7%
Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA	43.8	46.8	45.7	3.1	1.9	-1.1	4,224,851	7.1%
Augusta-Richmond County, GA-SC	43.9	44.2	45.2	0.3	1.4	1.1	556,877	34.9%
Lakeland-Winter Haven, FL	56.5	52.3	43.9	-4.2	-12.6	-8.4	602,095	14.2%
Greenville-Mauldin-Easley, SC	50.6	46.3	43.6	-4.3	-7.0	-2.6	636,986	16.5%
Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ	50.1	45.1	43.6	-5.0	-6.4	-1.5	4,192,887	4.6%
Raleigh-Cary, NC	41.9	40.8	42.1	-1.1	0.2	1.3	1,130,490	19.8%
Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville, SC	47.4	44.2	41.5	-3.2	-5.9	-2.7	664,607	27.4%
San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA	43.2	41.6	40.9	-1.7	-2.4	-0.7	1,836,911	2.3%
McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, TX	33.9	48.8	40.7	14.8	6.8	-8.1	774,769	0.4%
Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA	47.8	48.9	39.9	1.1	-7.9	-9.0	823,318	1.6%
Colorado Springs, CO	44.6	43.3	39.3	-1.3	-5.3	-4.0	645,613	5.6%
Salt Lake City, UT	44.0	38.1	39.3	-5.9	-4.8	1.2	1,124,197	1.3%
Las Vegas-Paradise, NV	49.0	40.4	37.6	-8.7	-11.5	-2.8	1,951,269	10.0%
Honolulu, HI	43.4	41.4	36.9	-2.0	-6.4	-4.5	953,207	1.9%
Tucson, AZ	41.7	39.8	36.9	-2.0	-4.8	-2.9	980,263	3.2%
Modesto, CA	36.6	34.5	32.7	-2.1	-3.9	-1.8	514,453	2.5%
Ogden-Clearfield, UT	49.8	42.0	32.0	-7.8	-17.9	-10.0	547,184	1.1%
Albuquerque, NM	38.0	32.0	30.9	-6.0	-7.1	-1.1	887,077	2.2%
El Paso, TX	37.5	36.2	30.7	-1.3	-6.8	-5.5	800,647	2.6%
Boise City-Nampa, ID	31.6	26.8	30.2	-4.8	-1.4	3.4	616,561	0.8%
Provo-Orem, UT	38.6	29.4	21.9	-9.2	-16.7	-7.5	526,810	0.5%

The full list is here.

 

 

SOURCES:

 

BLACK WOMEN: THE UNFINISHED AGENDA

 

STUDY SHOWS HOW DEEPLY BLACK MEN FACE DISCRIMINATION IN HIRING

 

 

THE 10 MOST SEGREGATED URBAN AREAS IN AMERICA

 

MILWAUKEE EARNS DUBIOUS DISTINCTION OF MOST SEGREGATED CITY IN AMERICA

 

AMERICA’S MOST SEGREGATED CITIES LIKELY TO STAY THAT WAY

 

FIVE MYTHS ABOUT THE 10 MOST SEGREGATED METRO AREAS

 

U. S. CENSUS BUREAU HOUSING PATTERNS

 

U.S. CENSUS: HOUSING PATTERNS, PART 2

 

RACIAL AND ETHNIC SEPARATION IN THE NEIGHBORHOODS: PROGRESS AT A STANDSTILL

 

“THE MARK OF A CRIMINAL RECORD” by Devah Pager

 

THE PERSISTENCE OF SEGREGATION IN THE METROPOLIS: NEW FINDINGS FROM THE 2010 CENSUS by John Logan and Brian Stults